The evolution of blockchain technology#
Bitcoin (2009)
- The first generation;
- The consensus Proof-of-Work;
- Simple scripts without loops;
- The model UTXO (instead of accounts);
- Transactions with multiple inputs/exits.
Ethereum (2015)
- The second generation, the first with smart contracts;
- Until 2022 PoW, after The Merge — PoS;
- Merging with Beacon Chain (up to 64 shards .);
- The problem: limited network connectivity, low scalability, high gas;
- L2 solutions partially solve the problem.
Solana (2020)
- Alternative of the third generation;
- One chain . the blockchain;
- 65 000 simple TPS;
- sharding Does not support;
- The vulnerability: strong centralization (few validators);
- The breakdown is 09.2021: It's just 17 hours after the memory overload.
TON
- The third generation;
- PoS + asynchronous + dynamic sharding;
- Accurate cost control (for performance, storage, routing);
- The stress test: 104 715 TPS (CertiK has confirmed);
- See also: TON Mining History.
Comparison table#
| What is it ? | TON | Ethereum | Solana |
|---|---|---|---|
| Block time | ~ 5 seconds (shardchain + )Masterchain) | 12 seconds (slot) | Less than 1 sec |
| Time-to-finality | It 's fast . | 12.8 minutes (2 eras × 32 slots) | ~ 6.4 seconds (16 rounds × 400ms) |
| Simple TPS | In millions . | 15 | 65 000 |
| Complicated TPS | He 's tall | Low . | RAM is limited |
| sharding | It 's dynamic (up to 2 to the 32rd of a vortex × 2 to 60 of a chard) | Up to 64 chords | Does not support |
| Cross-shard | Almost instantly . | 10–15I 'm waiting . | — |
Key settings#
Block time + finish
| The network | Block time | Finishing |
|---|---|---|
| TON | ~ 5 seconds | The shardchains almost at the same time.MasterchainIn a second. |
| Ethereum | 12 seconds . | 12.8 minutes (2 epochs) |
| Solana | Less than 1 sec | ~ 6.4 seconds (16 rounds of voting) |
Productivity
| The network | Feature |
|---|---|
| TON | Complex transactions are independent → parallel processing; all contracts are segmented and interact |
| Ethereum EVM | 15 TPS Restriction; chards do not communicate with each other |
| Solana | Large volume of simple transactions; everything breaks down if data is not stored in RAM |
Scalability
| The network | The architecture |
|---|---|
| TON | Up to 2^32 workschains × 2^60 shards, instant connection, millions of TPS |
| Ethereum | Before 64 shardchainsI 'm waiting .10–15Mines between the shards . |
| Solana | It doesn 't .sharding |
Conclusion#
Bitcoin It's simple and spectacular.
Ethereum flexibility for developers, but narrow throat It's because of the global storage. L2.
Solana vulnerable to centralization, 4 mass disconnections in 2022.
TON:
- It 's dynamic .sharding Automatically scales under the load;
- Support I 'm going to try to get you to sign up for some complex smart contracts .;
- High security;
- Millions (potentially tens of millions) of TPS.