Proof of Stake (PoS) the mechanism to achieve The consensus In the blockchain, validators. They freeze (staking) They use their tokens as collateral for the right to create and validate blocks.
Principle of work#
- staking the validator fixes a portion of the tokens in a special transaction;
- Select a block creator Validator is selected; probability depends on size staking(but not only to prevent concentration);
- Validation other validators check the new block and sign it;
- Block chain recording;
- The prize part of the transaction fee + new coins (in some networks);
- Slashing in the event of dishonesty stakingIf it burns, the validator can be removed.
Variations of the PoS#
| The algorithm . | Feature |
|---|---|
| DPoS (Delegated) | Voting with tokens for delegates; delegates share the award with voters |
| LPoS (Leased) | Renting tokens to another validator instead of voting |
| BPoS (Bonded) | Guarantee is mandatory; users lose funds for choosing a bad validator |
| NPoS (Nominated) | NominatorSelect validators; reduce the reward for poor selection |
| PPoS (Pure) | It 's a level playing field , no matter the size .staking maximum decentralization |
| PoSV (Velocity) | Taking into account the speed of the tokens stimulates activity |
| DBFT | PoS + Byzantine Fault Tolerance, requires the signature of 66% of validators |
Advantages and disadvantages#
The advantages
- Energy efficiency there are no PoW calculations;
- The speed there is no waiting for the task to be solved
- Security . You have to control most of it to attack .staking+ slashing mechanisms against 51% attacks;
- Reduced centralization relative to PoW.
Disadvantages
- Concentration risk large holders can coordinate;
- The opacity It's harder to verify who's validating and how.
PoS in TON#
The TON blockchain uses PoS + BFT consensus (Catchain) for generating blocks in In the shard . and Masterchain.
Mechanical engineering
- The validators are entering .stakingthrough a special transaction masterchain;
- Each chard is assigned the subset of validators by a determined pseudo-accidental method;
- Rotation of the subset approximately every 1 024 blocks;
- The subset suggests block candidates; the pseudo-random order determines whose candidate is more important;
- Validators check the candidate; invalid block signature → slashing or temporary suspension;
- The final consensus The BFT protocol, the analogue of PBFT / Honey Badger BFT;
- Reward commission from block transactions + newly minted coins;
- The parallelism one validator can work in several subsets simultaneously.
Masterchain- The block.
After generating the blocks of all the chords (or by timeout), a block is generated Masterchain with the hashes of the last blocks of all shardchains based on the BFT consensus of all validators.